Sting Report: Parabuthus transvaalicus

Large female Parabuthus transvaalicus, Soutpansberg, Limpopo.

At 23:01, 12 December, 2017 at Goro Game Reserve, Soutpansberg Limpopo, I was stung by a medium sized male Parabuthus transvaalicus on the top of middle finger just below the nail.  Sting was received while attempting to capture small mammal – I accidently brushed up against scorpion, which was between rock and clump of grass. Scorpion was only seen after the sting.

Immediate and extreme pain followed from site of sting. Within minutes, pain could be felt spreading up arm, very soon becoming unbearable and highly uncomfortable. Lymph node under armpit (axillary) became tender very quickly. In ten minutes pain seemed to reach peak in intensity and strange sensation (dull paraesthesia) could be felt in nerves in chest near axillary nymph node to about middle of chest. This persisted and was intensely uncomfortable for about three hours. After that chest paraesthesia was very slight but lymph node remained painful and uncomfortable well into the night.

Puncture mark on middle finger after sting from medium sized Parabuthus transvaalicus.

Thirty minutes after sting, pain remained intense but was not as heightened as first twenty minutes. Two hours later intense pain had subsided dramatically and local throbbing pain at site of sting coupled with extreme discomfort was present throughout the night, at times waking me up, relief was gained by elevating hand.

Finger was hypersensitive (hyperaesthesia) and any stimulation (touching something, being touched) would immediately send painful jolts of pain coursing up my arm. Pain had an electric quality to it.

Twelve hours later – pain very much still present at site of sting. Continued paraesthesia, limited movement of finger and hypersensitivity (even running finger under tap was painful). Finger very slightly swollen and skin on finger clammy with localised perspiration visible. No swollen lymph at this stage. Pain and discomfort limited to finger unless finger stimulated; a light bump would send shooting

Throughout the first day after sting, a feeling of nausea and persistent headache was present. Tried to remedy with rehydration salts but no improvement. Late afternoon I used an analgesic (codeine, ibuprofen and paracetamol), which took away headache but was still unable to use finger due to hyperaesthesia and pain. Every time finger touches something sensitivity is inline with intensity of touch:  light touch – slight tingling; light squeeze – strong paraesthesia; gentle bump against body or clothing – intense pain up finger; hard bump against body, clothing or object – intense pain shooting up finger all the way to elbow.  Shooting pain had an electric quality to it.

After 24 hours paraesthesia persisted: strange tingling pain shooting up to elbow every time finger touches something or bumps against something. Headache no longer present but still experienced occasional nausea. Unable to use hand properly as finger is too sensitive. Any touch to finger causes uncomfortable tingling sensation with varying amounts of pain as described above.

After 32 hours, still had tingling sensation on finger where stung, finger still hypersensitive and out of use every time it is stimulated pain and discomfort is present as described above. Able to curl finger with difficulty. No headache or nausea.

After 96 hours (four days after sting) no symptoms besides mild paraesthesia on finger and light hyperaesthesia. Using finger is unpleasant but not unbearable due to uncomfortable feeling. Intensity of pain discomfort experienced when finger is stimulated much lower but still present and still very painful when bumped.

120 hours later. Very light paraesthesia and hypaesthesia present. Finger is usable for light tasks but with moderate pain when bumped hard. Finger has a little bit of a dead feel to it.

144 hours later, finger is basically back to normal. Occasional dull pain when bumped. Sense of hyperaesthesia barely present with sporadic periods of pins and needles and sensation of deadness on finger. Able to use hand normally, no more sharp pain when finger is stimulated only paraesthesia.

168 hours later (one week) finger back to normal, irregular bouts of hyperaesthesia especially after immersing in water. No more pain at site, no more symptoms to report.

Male Parabuthus transvaalicus exhibiting venom droplets on back, Soutpansberg, Limpopo.

In way of summary I would like to express a few things I thought about while experiencing my first serious envenomation.  Firstly, sting could have been prevented if I had been more careful where I put my hands. Caught up in a chase to capture an elephant shrew I tried to block his exit and brushed up against unseen scorpion in ambush position. Secondly, I never used any first aid besides elevating limb, if I could recommend some measures I would say elevate affected area and minimise use of appendage and rest. Unfortunately after sting I still had a very long walk ahead of me. Ice or hot water would not have been an option, as pain would have been excruciating because of hyperaesthesia. Thirdly even though I never went to hospital or sought medical advice I would say sting was definitely a serious injury. Luckily the dull paraesthesia experienced in my chest never developed into more serious complications, it certainly did give me cause for concern, had the scorpion been larger and had I been a smaller person, I can imagine the sting being more serious and potential for complications to arise higher. In the first ten minutes of the pain there was also a psychological element, of panic and anxiety due to the intensity of pain. It was quite easy for me to calm down quickly as I am familiar with the species and know that human fatalities probably unheard of, but I can imagine the psychological panic could further complicate the severity of the situation.

Dream Landscapes: Goegap Nature Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa

Aloe dichotoma, a symbolic Namakwaland species. Photo Melissa Petford.

In January 2016 I visited the Northern Cape for the first time. One of the places I visited was Goegap near Springbok, spending about three days in the area. I was impressed by the landscapes and biodiversity of the region. I was given another opportunity to visit Goegap during the last week of September 2017, this time for a week. Our objective was to help wildlife film makers, Henk Ekermans and Barend van der Watt, find and shoot some of the smaller animals of this biodiversity rich ecosystem.

Mountain scene with granite boulders at Goegap. Photo Melissa Petford.

Hot arid gravel plain. At night these come alive with geckos and scorpions.

A lone Aloe dichotoma growing on slope.

After a long trip from the Soutpansberg in Northern Limpopo Province, we drove to Springbok and enjoyed the transition from Savannah to Highveld to Kalahari to Nama Karoo, once again reminded me of the vastness of South Africa and all the wide open spaces left.

Many-horned Adder (Bitis cornuta) we were lucky enough to see. A definite reptilian highlight of the trip.

Some colour. Western Sandveld Lizard (Nucras tessellata) found foraging among the plants.

We were lucky enough to have access to many inaccessible areas of the reserve and given permission to travel freely even at night. This allowed us, despite the cold dry weather, to find many interesting reptiles, arachnids and centipedes while being immersed in dream like landscapes. A big attraction to the area this time of year is the Namaqualand flowering period. Unfortunately the rains did not arrive this year so the flowers were few and far between, still we saw some amazing plants.

Interesting quartz outcrop.

Quartz outcrop among granite hills.

We were quite lucky with our reptiles and wracked up a nice species tally with a few we had never seen before. Our totals in the end were 32 reptiles; with seven snakes, 23 lizards, 2 tortoises (shells only). The list is as follows:

Snakes

Beetz’s Tiger Snake (Telescopus beetzii)

Brown House Snake (Boaedon capensis)

Mole Snake (Pseudoaspis cana) – DOR 

Karoo Sand Snake (Psammophis notostictus)

Fork-marked Sand Snake (Psammophis trinasalis) – DOR

Delandes Beaked Blindsnake (Rhinotyphlops lalandei)

Many-horned Adder (Bitis cornuta)

Lizards

Geckos

Weber’s Gecko (Pachydactylus weberi)

Barnard’s Gecko (Pachydactylus barnardi)

Quartz Gecko (Pachydactylus latirostris)

Large-scaled Gecko (Pachydactylus macrolepis)

Namaqua Gecko(Pachydactylus namaquensis)

Giant Ground Gecko (Chondrodactylus  angulifer angulifer)

Bibron’s Gecko (Chondrodactylus bibronii)

Spotted Barking Gecko (Ptenopus garrulous maculatus)

Namaqua Pygmy Gecko (Goggia rupicola)

Namaqua Flat Gecko (Afroedura africana namaquensis)

Lacertids

Spotted Desert Lizard (Meroles suborbitalis)

Plain Sand Lizard (Pedioplanis inornata)

Namaqua Sand Lizard (Pedioplanis namaquensis)

Western Sandveld Lizard (Nucras tessellata)

Cordylids

Karoo Girdled Lizard (Karusasaurus polyzonus)

Cape Flat Lizard (Platysaurus capensis)

Gerrhosaurs

Dwarf Plated Lizard (Cordylosaurus subtessellatus)

Skinks

Cape Skink (Trachylepis capensis)

Western Three Striped Skink (Trachylepis occidentalis)

Western Rock Skink (Trachylepis sulcata)

Varigated Skink (Trachylepis variegata)

Striped Dwarf Legless Skink (Acontias lineatus)

Agamid

Southern Rock Agama (Agama atra)

Tortoises

Angulate Tortoise (Chersina angulate)

Speckled Padlooper (Homopus signatus)

Our first snake, Beetz's Tiger Snake, Telescopus beetzii. Beautiful and colourful.

The Namakwa form of the Brown House Snake (Boaedon capensis). Bug-eyed and very pale. Was really hoping to see one.

Detail of above Brown House Snake (Boaedon capensis). Look at those eyes!

Second Brown House Snake (Boaedon capensis). This female was large and more beautiful than the first.

Delandes Beaked Blind Snake (Rhinotyphlops lalandei). Detail of the business end. Photo Melissa Petford.

Saw several of these Karoo Sand Snakes (Psammophis notostictus). Graceful and difficult to detect.

Karoo Sand Snakes (Psammophis notostictus) full body shot.

Detail of the head of Many-horned Adder (Bitis cornuta).

Many-horned Adder (Bitis cornuta) a master of camouflage in it's complex environment.

Namaqua Gecko (Pachydactylus namaquensis). Common gecko in massive granite outcrops.

A juvenile Pachydactylus barnardi. Amazing little animal.

Large-scaled Gecko (Pachydactylus macrolepis), one of our most exciting gecko finds.

Dorsal view of Large-scaled Gecko (Pachydactylus macrolepis) showing banding.

Spotted Barking Gecko (Ptenopus garrulous maculatus). Common as muck, but very difficult to capture.

Weber’s Gecko (Pachydactylus weberi). Fast little geckos found on rocky outcrops.

Quartz Gecko (Pachydactylus latirostris). The most abundant reptile of Goegap. At night their soft calls filled the air.

Namaqua Pygmy Gecko (Goggia rupicola). Tiny psychedelic geckos.

Detail of Western Sandveld Lizard (Nucras tessellata) displaying powerful claws and jaws.

Western Sandveld Lizard (Nucras tessellata). Exquisite!

Namaqua Sand Lizard (Pedioplanis namaquensis). We found this guy at night.

Cape Flat Lizard (Platysaurus capensis). These guys are stunning!

Very common in the area, here is a light Karoo Girdled Lizard (Karusasaurus polyzonus).

Karoo Girdled Lizard (Karusasaurus polyzonus), dark form.

Bronzy male Western Rock Skink (Trachylepis sulcata).

A little Varigated Skink (Trachylepis variegata). These delightful little lizards are everywhere.

Another reptilian H\highlight. Striped Dwarf Legless Skink (Acontias lineatus).

Southern Rock Agama (Agama atra). The specimens in the Northern Cape are really massive compared to other populations.

Scorpions

Besides the reptiles, which were good, the Northern Cape region is also an arachnid hotspot. Anyone that knows me knows I love scorps and here are a few of the amazing scorpions and centipeds we found along the way.

Uroplectes gracilor
Parabuthus capensis

Parbuthus shlechteri

Parabuthus granulatus

Opistophthalmus granifrons

Opistophthalmus peringueyi
Opistophthalmus pallipes

Hadogenes phylodes

Parabuthus granulatus

Parbuthus shlechteri

Opistophthalmus granifrons.

Opistophthalmus peringueyi

Centipedes
A nightmare to identify! But we try: Ethmostigmus sp and Scolonependera mortisans

The most beautiful Scolonependera mortisans I have seen.

A large and scary Ethmostigmus

Harpactira namaquensis. A beautiful Baboon Spider.

Overall we had an amazing week, we saw and experienced so much biodiversity. Working and living close to another river system (Limpopo) on the opposite side of the continent, experiencing the !Garib system and all it’s different animals, plants, climatic conditions is such a privilege. Many thanks to Barend and Henk for the opportunity and making our stay extra comfortable.

Louse Fly biting!

Bats of Medike, Western Soutpansberg by Julio Balona of Gauteng Bat Interest Group

 

Julio and Erna Balona from the Gauteng Bat Interest Group visited Medike to sample the bat fauna of the Western Soutpansberg and managed to catch 12 species in two nights. We were lucky enough to see these amazing animals up close and learned a lot from Julio and Erna who were eager to share their knowledge and enthusiasm. The following post represents their finds.

 1 Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus clivosus)

Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus clivosus) Photo: Julio Balona.

Widespread and most commonly found in the temperate regions of southern Africa. This bat tolerates a range of habitats and it is suspected that it is not just one species and there may actually be as many as four different kinds that resemble each other very closely. They are medium sized and their strange ‘nose leaves’ allow them to practice very sophisticated sonar (known as echolocation) in order to navigate and capture their prey of moths, beetles and other insects. They usually roost in true caves or old mine tunnels during the day, but may occasionally use dark abandoned buildings.

 2 Bushveld horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus simulator)

Bushveld horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus simulator) Photo: Julio Balona.

As its name implies, this horseshoe bat is normally found in the warmer savannah and woodland areas of the country and is smaller than Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat. It is also less fussy about roost sites and is often found in the hollow spaces between large boulders, although it will use true caves and old mine tunnels. In addition to their horseshoe shaped nose leaves they have a fleshy horn-like projection called the connecting process. This is known to be used for sonar but its precise function is unclear. It probably feeds mainly on moths and beetles. 

 3 Smithers’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus smithersi)

Smithers’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus smithersi) Photo: Trevor Morgan (taken at Pafuri)

This beautiful beast is significantly larger than both Geoffroy’s and the Bushveld. It has similar roosting habits to the latter but likely feeds on much bigger prey such as dung beetles. Originally considered one species (the mother of all African horseshoe bats), it was split into five very similar ones that are geographically separated and have distinctly different sonar call frequencies. The individual captured at Medike escaped before it could be photographed.

4 Natal long-fingered bat (Miniopterus natalensis)

Natal long-fingered bat (Miniopterus natalensis) Photo: Julio Balona

The most common and widespread cave bat in southern Africa, it is named for the long finger bone which extends its wing to resemble that of a swallow. Like these birds, long-fingered bats spend a lot of time flying swiftly high above, and often forage low over water and drink from it by skimming the surface. An alternative name for this family is the clinging bat due to its habit of clinging together with others in clumps. Medium sized, they roost in caves almost exclusively and can be found in large colonies of hundreds of thousands. Due to their preference for soft-bodied insects, especially moths, they are an invaluable asset in the control of agricultural pests.

5 Yellow House bat (Scotophilus dinganii)

Yellow House bat (Scotophilus dinganii) Photo: Erna Balona

This placid and rather attractive bat with its yellow underside and velvety olive green dorsal fur is a common woodland species. In the wild it roosts inside natural tree holes or those made by barbets or woodpeckers, but is happy to use roofs, hence its name. With a short muzzle armed with large teeth, it seems adapted to eat hard shelled prey such as beetles.

 

6 Zulu serotine (Neoromicia zuluensis)

 Zulu serotine (Neoromicia zuluensis) Photo: Erna Balona

One of the ‘little brown jobs’, these bats are extremely difficult to identify without microscopic examination of the teeth and recording of its sonar call. They are quite small, weighing around five grams, and it is believed that they roost under loose bark and probably cracks in tree stems.

They probably subsist on small moths, beetles, mosquitoes and other insects.

7 Long-tailed serotine (Eptesicus hottentotus)

Long-tailed serotine (Eptesicus hottentotus) Photo: Erna Balona

These handsome bats that resemble the ‘little brown jobs’, are much easier to identify with their thick woolly fur and because they are noticeably larger, weighing about twenty five grams.

Always found in mountainous areas, they roost in rock crevices in cliff faces and probably large boulders. They usually feed low over water, most likely due to the greater number of insects that gather there.

8 Little free-tailed bat (Chaerephon pumilus) 

Little free-tailed bat (Chaerephon pumilus) Erna Balona.

Resembling flying dogs with hairy Hobbit-like feet, the free-tailed bats are full of character. They are so named because unlike almost all other bats, their tails are not enclosed in a membrane and protrude like that of a mouse. The Little free-tail is particularly feisty and will squeak loudly in protest when captured, its sharp teeth are best avoided. They live in colonies of hundreds or thousands of bats in holes in trees and under loose bark, and probably also in rock crevices in cliffs. 

Male Little free-tailed bat bat with his crest raised.(Chaerephon pumilus) Erna Balona.

However they actually seem to prefer the roofs of buildings and that is where they most often found. The male has a cute crest of hair that he can raise at will and is believed to be full of scent which is probably used to attract females or mark territory.

9 Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus) 

Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus) Photo: Erna Balona.

Larger and stockier than the Little free-tailed bat, they are also more localized in distribution – in South Africa they are mainly found on the eastern coast, from Durban northwards and over the lowveld region covered by the Kruger National Park. Their extension into the Soutpansberg brings them to what is most likely the western limit of their distribution at Medike as well as that of the Little free-tail. Both species are fast flyers and have long thin wings, spending most of the time above the trees catching insects such as moths, beetles, mosquitoes and bugs.

The Angolan Free-tailed bat often roosts in building roofs and has been shown to tolerate temperatures of around 40C under hot corrugated iron sheeting in the sun.

 

10 Rufous Mouse-eared bat (Myotis bocagii) 

Rufous Mouse-eared bat (Myotis bocagii) Photo: Erna Balona.

An attractive bat with its coppery dorsal fur and cream underside, it is fairly scarce and found only in the warmer, wetter parts of the country. Not much is known about its roosting habits here and it is suspected of hanging in trees, possibly camouflaged amongst dead leaves. In central Africa it is known to roost inside the tubular new leaves of banana plants. It feeds on small moths, beetles and bugs.

Rufous Mouse-eared bat (Myotis bocagii) Photo: Julio Balona.

11 Schlieffen's Twilight bat (Nycticeinops schlieffenii) 

Schlieffen's Twilight bat (Nycticeinops schlieffenii) Photo: Julio Balona.

 

Weighing around five grams, this is one of southern Africa’s smallest bats. Although limited to warmer low lying woodland areas of South Africa, it is often the most common bat and one of the first to appear in the evening. Despite its diminutive size, it often snarls aggressively at its captor, which just makes it look more cute than dangerous. They roost under loose bark and in crevices in trees and perhaps also rocks. 

Often feeding near water, they eat small insects and probably consume a lot of mosquitoes.

12 Slit-faced bat (Nycteris spp.) 

Slit-faced bat (Nycteris spp.)Photo: Trevor Morgan (taken at Pafuri)

One of these bats escaped before it could be properly identified. The incredible ears and slit in the nose make it immediately recognizable but close examination is required to say which species. However, by far the most common member of this family is the Egyptian slit-faced bat (Nycteris thebaica) and it is unlikely to have been another species. 

These special creatures have a number skills. Their sonar is purposefully kept very soft so that insects that can hear bat calls (many moths in particular), cannot hear a hunting slit-faced bat until it is too late. The large ears are also extremely sensitive to other prey sounds such as rustling in leaves which allow them to locate anything from moths to crickets to sun spiders and scorpions. Slit-faced bats are seldom captured in the standard devices of scientists (mistnets and harp traps) because their sonar is usually too sensitive to be fooled. They are therefore typically caught within their roosts which are large or small cavities, such as caves, hollows between large boulders and aardvark burrows.